tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86584002433362033302024-03-08T05:57:07.643-08:00Kingfisher Watervyaparhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13180834048449542909noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8658400243336203330.post-68644587085058246932011-08-18T00:06:00.001-07:002011-08-18T00:06:20.530-07:00Kingfisher Water<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><img src="http://2.imimg.com/data2/WB/AA/MY-3104622/kingfisher-packaged-drinking-water-250x250.jpg" /><img src="http://www.photosfan.com/images/kingfisher-photo1.jpg" /><br />
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<div><table class="infobox biota" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 200px;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Water Kingfishers</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceryle_rudis.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="158" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ceryle_rudis.jpg/240px-Ceryle_rudis.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pied Kingfisher">Pied Kingfisher</a> (<i>Ceryle rudis</i>)</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Phylum:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="phylum" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Class:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="class" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bird">Aves</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciiformes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Suborder:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="suborder" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Alcedines">Alcedines</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Cerylidae</b></span><br />
<small>Reichenbach, 1851</small></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d3d3a4; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Genera</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaceryle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Megaceryle">Megaceryle</a></i><br />
<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceryle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ceryle">Ceryle</a></i><br />
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_green_kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="American green kingfisher">Chloroceryle</a></i></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The <b>water kingfishers</b> or <b>Cerylidae</b> are one of the three <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Family (biology)">families</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, and are also known as the <b>cerylid kingfishers</b>. All six <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Americas">American</a> species are in this family.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">These are all specialist fish-eating species, unlike many representatives of the other two families, and it is likely that they are all descended from fish-eating kingfishers which founded populations in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New World">New World</a>. It was believed that the entire group evolved in the Americas, but this seems not to be true. The original ancestor possibly evolved in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Africa">Africa</a> - at any rate in the Old World - and the <i>Chloroceryle</i> species are the youngest ones.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Not longer than 5 million years ago - possibly as recently as 2.9 million years ago -, an Old World giant kingfisher became the ancestor of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belted_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Belted Kingfisher">Belted</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringed_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ringed Kingfisher">Ringed Kingfishers</a>, and later, another species related to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pied Kingfisher">Pied Kingfisher</a> became the ancestor of the <i>Chloroceryle</i> green kingfishers after colonizing the Americas. While the evolutionary history of the Water Kingfishers in regard to their internal relationships is well resolved, it is not entirely clear whether they evolved from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="River kingfisher">river kingfishers</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree kingfisher">tree kingfishers</a>, and whether they immigrated across the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean (though the former seems more likely).</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">There are 9 water kingfisher species in three genera:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The four large crested kingfishers, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaceryle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Megaceryle">Megaceryle</a></i>, have a wide distribution in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Americas">America</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belted_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Belted Kingfisher">Belted Kingfisher</a>, <i>M. alcyon</i>, is the only kingfisher that is widespread in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="North America">North America</a>, though <i>M. torquata</i> may be found as far north as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>.<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Giant Kingfisher">Giant Kingfisher</a> (<i>Megaceryle maxima</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Crested Kingfisher">Crested Kingfisher</a> (<i>Megaceryle lugubris</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belted_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Belted Kingfisher">Belted Kingfisher</a> (<i>Megaceryle alcyon</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringed_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ringed Kingfisher">Ringed Kingfisher</a> (<i>Megaceryle torquata</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pied Kingfisher">Pied Kingfisher</a> (<i>Ceryle rudis</i>), the only member of <i>Ceryle</i>, is widespread in the tropical regions of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Old World">Old World</a>.</li>
</ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The four <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_green_kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="American green kingfisher">American green kingfishers</a> (<i>Chloroceryle</i>) of tropical America.<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Amazon Kingfisher">Amazon Kingfisher</a> (<i>Chloroceryle amazona</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Green Kingfisher">Green Kingfisher</a> (<i>Chloroceryle americana</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-and-rufous_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Green-and-rufous Kingfisher">Green-and-rufous Kingfisher</a> (<i>Chloroceryle inda</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pygmy_Kingfisher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="American Pygmy Kingfisher">American Pygmy Kingfisher</a> (<i>Chloroceryle aenea</i>)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_kingfisher&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fry, K & Fry, H. C. (1999): <i>Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers</i>, new edition. Christopher Helm Publishers. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713652063" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-7136-5206-3</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Moyle, Robert G. (2006): A Molecular Phylogeny of Kingfishers (Alcedinidae) With Insights into Early Biogeographic History. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auk_(journal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Auk (journal)">Auk</a></i> <b>123</b>(2): 487–499. <a class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1Y1:93480914&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20a%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">HTML fulltext (without images)</a></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_kingfisher&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span><div><br />
</div><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"></span></h2><br />
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</div>vyaparhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13180834048449542909noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8658400243336203330.post-4429053870298812762011-08-18T00:03:00.000-07:002011-08-18T00:03:46.399-07:00Kingfisher Water<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><img src="http://2.imimg.com/data2/WB/AA/MY-3104622/kingfisher-packaged-drinking-water-250x250.jpg" /><img src="http://www.photosfan.com/images/kingfisher-photo1.jpg" /><br />
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</div>vyaparhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13180834048449542909noreply@blogger.com1